Computer Studies & Information Technology
The Computer Studies Department offers a variety of courses designed to give students both theoretical and hands-on experience in computer applications, computer graphics, and networking. Students take courses to prepare for a transfer major and/or to gain specific computer skills. Career options include computer applications, desktop publisher, computer help desk technician, and network administrator. Certain networking courses provide preparatory training for various industry certifications from Microsoft, CompTIA, and Red Hat. Additionally, the department offers the following professional-level certifications: CCNA, CCNP, MCAS.
Contact Information
Department Chair: Kathryn Striebel Dean: Al Taccone |
Department: Computer Studies Office: Building 4800, (760) 795-6841 |
Full-Time Faculty
Steve Isachsen Martin Parks June Porto |
Associate Degrees
Associate in Arts Degrees
Computer Applications Professional for Business
Computer Studies
Network and Desktop Systems Administration
Students may earn one of the above-named associate degrees by completing a certificate of achievement and the general education courses required for MiraCosta College's Associate in Arts degree (see Associate Degrees). Students should meet with a MiraCosta counselor to identify required courses and to develop a written educational plan for the specific degree or certificate they wish to earn.
Certificates
Certificate of Achievement
Certified Computer Desktop Support Specialist
This certificate is designed to meet the demand in industry for individuals trained to support desktop computer users. Training includes support for application software, operating systems, local area networks, desktop support, and customer service. Individuals can successfully answer, or escalate, calls and inquiries from end users and may seek employment as a help desk technician, customer support representative, computer support specialist, technical support representative, and technical support specialist. In addition, certificate completion helps prepare individuals for the Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician (MCDST) certification exams.
Required courses: | ||
CSIT 110 | Computer Applications | 3 |
CSIT 149 | Introduction to Windows for Business and Power Users | 3 |
CSIT 171 | Fundamentals of Computer Networks and Security | 4 |
CSIT 173 | Desktop Support | 4 |
BUS 137 | Customer Service | 3 |
Select at least 6 elective units from the following courses: | 6 | |
Intermediate Computer Applications | ||
Google Apps for Business | ||
Internet Presence for the Small and Medium Business | ||
Web 2.0 | ||
Industry Certification | ||
Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming | ||
Business Communication | ||
Total Units | 23 |
Certificate of Achievement
Computer Applications Professional for Business
This certificate is designed to meet demand in the business community for individuals who are trained in the professional-level use of computers and business productivity computer applications. Specific areas of emphasis include word processing, spreadsheets, database management, electronic presentations, digital imaging, Windows, and Internet applications. Learning to use, integrate, and collaborate effectively with these powerful business productivity tools is essential for those preparing for jobs or wishing to advance in their current job in today's technological workplace.
Required courses: | ||
CSIT 125 | Microsoft Word for Business | 3 |
CSIT 128 | Microsoft Excel for Business | 3 |
CSIT 131 | Microsoft Access for Business | 3 |
CSIT 134 | Microsoft PowerPoint for Business | 3 |
CSIT 137 | Google Apps for Business | 3 |
CSIT 149 | Introduction to Windows for Business and Power Users | 3 |
CSIT 195 | Computer Studies Portfolio Development | 1 |
MAT 110 | Digital Imaging 1: Adobe Photoshop | 3 |
Select at least 6 elective units from the following courses: | 6 | |
Introduction to Business | ||
Introduction to Career Planning | ||
Job Success Skills | ||
Computer Basics I | ||
Computer Basics II | ||
Computer Applications | ||
Intermediate Computer Applications | ||
Web 2.0 | ||
Computers in Society | ||
Industry Certification | ||
Web Design 1: Fundamentals | ||
Flash 1: Animation and Interactivity | ||
Digital Imaging 2: Adobe Illustrator | ||
Publishing 1: Adobe InDesign | ||
Total Units | 28 |
Certificate of Achievement
Computer Studies
This certificate provides students with a broad foundation in computer theory and skills. These courses expose students to a wide range of fundamentals across each of the Computer Studies Department's disciplines. Completing this certificate will prepare individuals to launch or further advance their careers as computer, information technology, or related professionals in a variety of industry sectors.
Required courses: | ||
BOT 106 | Introduction to Office Technology | 3 |
CS 107 | Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming | 3 |
CSIT 110 | Computer Applications | 3 |
CSIT 120 | Fundamentals of Computer Information Systems | 3 |
One of the following: | 3 | |
Microsoft Word for Business | ||
Microsoft Excel for Business | ||
Microsoft Access for Business | ||
Microsoft PowerPoint for Business | ||
Google Apps for Business | ||
Internet Presence for the Small and Medium Business | ||
Introduction to Windows for Business and Power Users | ||
CSIT 155 | Web 2.0 | 3 |
CSIT 160 | Computers in Society | 3 |
CSIT 171 | Fundamentals of Computer Networks and Security | 4 |
CSIT 195 | Computer Studies Portfolio Development | 1 |
MAP 100 | Introduction to Administrative Medical Assisting | 3 |
Total Units | 29 |
Certificate of Achievement
E-Commerce
The E-Commerce Certificate is designed for individuals interested in exploring the process of conducting business on the Internet and related design and technical considerations. Students are advised to enroll in CSIT 146 prior to selecting electives.
Required courses: | ||
CSIT 120 | Fundamentals of Computer Information Systems | 3 |
CSIT 146 | Internet Presence for the Small and Medium Business | 3 |
MAT 125 | Web Design 1: Fundamentals | 3 |
MAT 165 | Web Design 2: Tools and Techniques | 3 |
BUS 132 | Marketing | 3 |
Select courses from below for a minimum of 6 units: | 6-8 | |
Entrepreneur I | ||
Entrepreneur II | ||
Fundamentals of Computer Networks and Security | ||
TCP/IP and Network Infrastructure | ||
Dynamic Web Development | ||
Web Design 3: Site Design and Architecture | ||
Total Units | 21-23 |
Certificate of Achievement
Microsoft Certified Application
Specialist (MCAS) for Business
The Microsoft Certified Application Specialist (MCAS) for Business certificate is designed for individuals who will work or currently work in a business setting using Microsoft Office business productivity applications as a vital part of their job functions. This certificate will enhance career prospects in a competitive job market by enabling the student to demonstrate proficiency (based on globally recognized Microsoft standards) in the world's foremost desktop computing applications for business. Each course in this certificate offers a comprehensive overview, starting with fundamentals and finishing with advanced features. In addition, certificate completion helps prepare individuals for the Microsoft Certified Application Specialist (MCAS) certification exams.
Required courses: | ||
CSIT 125 | Microsoft Word for Business | 3 |
CSIT 128 | Microsoft Excel for Business | 3 |
CSIT 131 | Microsoft Access for Business | 3 |
CSIT 134 | Microsoft PowerPoint for Business | 3 |
Total Units | 12 |
Certificate of Achievement
Network and Desktop Systems Administration
This certificate is designed to meet the demand in the business community for individuals trained in computer networking, network administration, Enterprise networking, and Internet or intranet administration.
Required courses: | ||
CSIT 171 | Fundamentals of Computer Networks and Security | 4 |
CSIT 172 | Windows Networking Environment | 4 |
CSIT 173 | Desktop Support | 4 |
CSIT 174 | TCP/IP and Network Infrastructure | 4 |
Select one course from below: | 4 | |
Linux Networking Environment | ||
Network Mail Server | ||
System Integration - Small Business Server | ||
Total Units | 20 |
Certificate of Proficiency
Computer Applications User
This certificate is designed to provide individuals with basic computer applications skills and techniques for jobs in any industry. Together, these courses provide a foundation for working with computer applications to perform essential job functions proficiently.
Required courses: | ||
CSIT 110 | Computer Applications | 3 |
CSIT 115 | Intermediate Computer Applications | 3 |
Select at least 3 elective units from the following courses: | 3 | |
Computer Basics I | ||
Computer Basics II | ||
Microsoft Word for Business | ||
Microsoft Excel for Business | ||
Microsoft Access for Business | ||
Microsoft PowerPoint for Business | ||
Google Apps for Business | ||
Introduction to Windows for Business and Power Users | ||
Web 2.0 | ||
Digital Imaging 1: Adobe Photoshop | ||
Flash 1: Animation and Interactivity | ||
Total Units | 9 |
Certificate of Proficiency
Computer Competencies for the Workplace
This certificate is designed for those who need foundation computer competencies for entry-level jobs in the workplace or for those who are transitioning to a computer-based work environment. The skills and competencies practiced in this certificate will provide computer knowledge and hands-on workplace experiences using computer application software and hardware.
Required courses: | ||
BOT 100 | Beginning Keyboarding | 1 |
CSIT 110 | Computer Applications | 3 |
CSIT 120 | Fundamentals of Computer Information Systems | 3 |
CSIT 137 | Google Apps for Business | 3 |
Select at least 5 elective units from the following courses: | 5 | |
10-Key | ||
Word Processing | ||
Basic Office Skills | ||
Computer Basics I | ||
Computer Basics II | ||
Internet Presence for the Small and Medium Business | ||
Total Units | 15 |
Certificate of Proficiency
Emerging Technologies in Computer Studies
This certificate provides students with the opportunity to explore emerging technologies in computer studies to enhance their future or current work perspectives. Emphasis is placed on the changing landscape of computers, information, and technology and understanding how trends in these areas may impact current and future business and industry.
Required courses: | ||
CSIT 137 | Google Apps for Business | 3 |
CSIT 155 | Web 2.0 | 3 |
CSIT 160 | Computers in Society | 3 |
Total Units | 9 |
Courses
CSIT 100: Computer Basics I
Units: 1.5
Prerequisites: None
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 1.50 hours. (0701.00)
This first in a two-course sequence is intended for students wishing to develop or strengthen their basic computer skills. Topics include basic computer techniques and literacy in computer concepts, Windows, working with files and folders, word processing, browsing and searching the Web, sending and receiving email, and academic computing course management systems, such as Blackboard. Upon successful completion of the course, students will be prepared for CSIT 105, Computer Basics II.
CSIT 105: Computer Basics II
Units: 1.5
Prerequisites: None
Advisory: CSIT 100.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 1.50 hours. (0701.00)
This second in a two-course sequence is intended for students wishing to develop or strengthen their basic computer skills. Picking up where CSIT 100 leaves off, this course includes new and expanded study in the areas of basic computer techniques and literacy in computer concepts. Topics include Windows, hierarchical file and folder management, multi-tasking, word processing, safe and ethical Internet practices, email, spreadsheet creation, computer maintenance, security, and purchasing a computer.
CSIT 110: Computer Applications
Units: 3
Prerequisites: None
Advisory: CSIT 105.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU, UC Credit limitation
Lecture 3 hours. (0702.10)
This course provides an in-depth, hands-on introduction to computer applications and fundamentals. Topics include computer concepts, the operating system, and word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, database, and Web browser applications. The course emphasizes applied computer applications skills and techniques, computer concepts and ethical considerations, and the use of computer applications as integrated tools to perform professional-level analyses. (Formerly CIS 100.) UC CREDIT LIMITATION: Credit for CSIT 110 or CSIT 120.
CSIT 115: Intermediate Computer Applications
Units: 3
Prerequisites: CSIT 110.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 3 hours. (0702.10)
Picking up where CSIT 110 leaves off, this course features the use and integration of computer applications at the intermediate level. Topics include further development of concepts, skills, and techniques in word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, and database applications. (Formerly CIS 105.)
CSIT 120: Fundamentals of Computer Information Systems
Units: 3
Prerequisites: None
Acceptable for Credit: CSU, UC Credit limitation
Lecture 3 hours. (0701.00)
This course covers the concepts of information systems in business, which include the integration of information technology, e-commerce, systems analysis, data storage, data processing, security, and communications. The course applies information system concepts by developing solutions to business problems using financial analysis and database management tools, such as Microsoft Excel and Access. This course is intended for students majoring in Business and Information Systems. (Formerly CIS 101.) UC CREDIT LIMITATION: Credit for CSIT 110 or CSIT 120.
CSIT 125: Microsoft Word for Business
Units: 3
Prerequisites: None
Advisory: CSIT, Computer Basics II
Enrollment Limitation: Not open to students with credit in CIS 151.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 3 hours. (0702.10)
Students learn how to use Microsoft Word, the industry-standard tool for word processing in business environments. This comprehensive course includes fundamentals, such as document design, section breaks, table of contents, graphics, columns, and tables, as well as more advanced features, such as document collaboration, workgroup tools, template customization, mail merge, object linking, forms, security, and Web enabling. This course helps prepare students for the Microsoft Certification Exam.
CSIT 128: Microsoft Excel for Business
Units: 3
Prerequisites: None
Advisory: CSIT 105.
Enrollment Limitation: Not open to students with credit in CIS 154.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 3 hours. (0702.10)
Students learn how to use Microsoft Excel, the industry standard tool for spreadsheet and chart creation in a business environment. This comprehensive course includes fundamentals, such as workbook and worksheet design, formulas, functions, and charts, as well as more advanced features, such as pivot tables, what-if analysis, three-dimensional worksheets, goal seek, and collaboration tools. This course helps prepare students for the Microsoft Certification Exam.
CSIT 131: Microsoft Access for Business
Units: 3
Prerequisites: None
Advisory: CSIT 105.
Enrollment Limitation: Not open to students with credit in CIS 165.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 3 hours. (0702.10)
Students learn how to use Microsoft Access, the industry standard tool for database creation in a business environment. This comprehensive course includes fundamentals, such as relational database design theory, tables, queries, reports, and forms, as well as more advanced features, such as complex validation rules, action queries, report controls, form automation, database customization, and data integration tools. This course helps prepare students for the Microsoft Certification Exam.
CSIT 134: Microsoft PowerPoint for Business
Units: 3
Prerequisites: None
Advisory: CSIT 105.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 3 hours. (0702.10)
Students learn how to use Microsoft PowerPoint, the industry standard tool for creating electronic presentations in business environments. This comprehensive course includes fundamentals, such as electronic presentation design and delivery concepts, slide layout, graphics, diagrams, charts, and sound, as well as more advanced features, such as complex animation, transitions, action buttons, video, custom backgrounds, and collaboration tools. This course helps prepare students for the Microsoft Certification Exam.
CSIT 137: Google Apps for Business
Units: 3
Prerequisites: None
Advisory: CSIT 105.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 3 hours. (0702.10)
In this course, students learn how to use Google Apps, a collection of free Web-based productivity tools, in a business environment. Topics include Google Search, Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Docs, Google Spreadsheets, Google Presentations, and emerging trends in Google Apps. Students use the Internet to access their files and the tools to manipulate and collaborate with them.
CSIT 146: Internet Presence for the Small and Medium Business
Units: 3
Prerequisites: None
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 3 hours. (0709.10)
This course teaches the principles and technologies involved in creating a Web presence for a small or medium-sized business (SMB). It addresses the needs of both online and traditional brick and mortar businesses and provides students with a basic working knowledge of how to sell products and services on the Web. It covers aspects of business and marketing planning, a survey of Web technologies, such as HTML, XHTML and CSS, use of digital media, building an online store, e-commerce security, electronic payment systems, international and legal issues, Search Engine Optimization (SEO), and current marketing trends. Students create a starter e-business Web site or improve an existing site that can be used for their business or to help them get a job in the field. (Formerly CIS 191.)
CSIT 149: Introduction to Windows for Business and Power Users
Units: 3
Prerequisites: None
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 3 hours. (0702.10)
This course introduces students to the current Microsoft Windows operating system. Students learn how to install the operating system, create and manage user accounts, view system components and properties, install applications, switch between different application windows, manage files and folders, and customize the Windows environment. The course also covers networking, file and folder sharing, computer security, malware, and safe Internet use. (Formerly CIS 185.)
CSIT 155: Web 2.0
Units: 3
Prerequisites: None
Advisory: CSIT 105.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 3 hours. (0702.10)
This course examines Web 2.0 with a focus on Web applications and services that facilitate creativity, collaboration, and information sharing among users. It explores historical development as well as emerging trends. Students preview as well as learn to manipulate the most significant various Web 2.0 applications and services, such as wikis, mashups, folksonomies, blogs, podcasts, social media, video sharing, and social networks.
CSIT 160: Computers in Society
Units: 3
Prerequisites: None
Advisory: Eligibilty for ENGL 100.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU, UC
Lecture 3 hours. (0709.10)
This course offers a critical examination of the effects and influences of computers on society. It addresses a wide range of issues from the historical perspective to contemporary applications. The course emphasizes criminal and legal matters, privacy and workplace concerns, psychosocial and physiological implications, and emerging trends.
CSIT 171: Fundamentals of Computer Networks and Security
Units: 4
Prerequisites: None
Enrollment Limitation: Not open to students with credit in CIS 187 and CIS 195.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 4 hours. (0702.00)
This course presents an overview and introduction to computer networking components, network design, operation, protocols, network operating systems, and computer and network security. Students learn the fundamentals of configuring and using secure network resources, such as file servers, printers, e-mail, the Internet, and networked applications. This course prepares students for the CompTIA Network+ and Security+ certification exams. (Formerly CIS 141.)
CSIT 172: Windows Networking Environment
Units: 4
Prerequisites: None
Enrollment Limitation: Not open to students with credit in CIS 188 or CIS 200.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 4 hours. (0708.00)
This course provides students with a broad understanding of Microsoft Windows Server and prepares them for network server administration and Windows certification exams. The course focuses on administrative tasks; operating-system selection, installation, and configuration; Active Directory design and implementation; user management; group policy; printers; network services, especially Domain Name System (DNS); and system security, monitoring, and optimization. Students develop skill and apply their knowledge through hands-on projects and case-study assignments. (Formerly CIS 142.)
CSIT 173: Desktop Support
Units: 4
Prerequisites: None
Enrollment Limitation: Not open to students with credit in CIS 193 or CIS 208.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 4 hours. (0708.00)
This course prepares students to support desktop users. It covers desktop operating system and computer implementation and support and emphasizes workstation integration in the network environment. Topics include installation and upgrades, configuration, management, operation, optimization, and troubleshooting of desktop operating systems and applications. Students diagnose problems in connectivity, manage security settings, troubleshoot hardware and software issues, and optimize system performance. (Formerly CIS 143.)
CSIT 174: TCP/IP and Network Infrastructure
Units: 4
Prerequisites: None
Enrollment Limitation: Not open to students with credit in CIS 198 or CIS 201.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 4 hours. (0708.00)
This course introduces students to the theory and application of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) upon which the Internet is based. Students learn the layered functions of the TCP/IP stack and how they relate to Internet architecture. Topics include TCP/IP addressing, subnetting, host and domain name resolution, routing considerations, and practical management of TCP/IP protocols and services. Students install, configure, manage, and troubleshoot network servers and services in a domain environment. The course emphasizes directory service and domain name system (DNS) administration. (Formerly CIS 144.)
CSIT 175: Linux Networking Environment
Units: 4
Prerequisites: None
Enrollment Limitation: Not open to students with credit in CIS 199 or CIS 203.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 4 hours. (0708.00)
This course covers the installation, configuration, management, and troubleshooting of the Linux operating system. It includes basic topics related to the administration of Linux systems, basic scripting, system performance and tuning, troubleshooting, system security, package installation and removal, logging, scheduling, and Linux tools. The course also introduces Web servers, mail servers, and internetworking with other network-operating systems. (Formerly CIS 145.)
CSIT 176: Network Mail Server
Units: 4
Prerequisites: None
Advisory: CSIT 172 and CSIT 174
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 4 hours. (0708.00)
This course covers topics related to the implementation and support of network mail systems, such as installation, configuration, management, operation, optimization, and troubleshooting. It emphasizes mail server integration with Active Directory in the Enterprise network environment. Mail server software may include Microsoft Exchange Server. (Formerly CIS 194.)
CSIT 177: System Integration - Small Business Server
Units: 4
Prerequisites: None
Advisory: CSIT 171, CSIT 172 or CSIT 176.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 4 hours. (0702.00)
This course covers server integration and troubleshooting based on Microsoft Small Business Server or an Open Source equivalent. It challenges students to use server virtualization and integrate Windows Server in an Active Directory environment with Exchange Server, Structured Query Language (SQL) Server, Share Point Server and Web Services, and Internet Security and Acceleration Server (Web Caching and Firewall). Students install and configure the servers, create accounts, and maintain security and functionality on systems connected to the Internet. They also troubleshoot problems and update, manage, and protect their systems from Internet intrusions and other challenges. (Formerly CIS 204.)
CSIT 190: Industry Certification
Units: 1
Prerequisites: None
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 1 hour. (0702.00)
This course provides students with information and practice to prepare for industry certification exams. Students choose a module related to certification exams in the following discipline areas: administrative professional, computer applications, networking, medical coding, medical billing, medical language specialist, programming. Modules present information on test taking, test presentation, time management, and practice exams.
CSIT 195: Computer Studies Portfolio Development
Units: 1
Prerequisites: None
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 1 hour. (0702.00)
This course teaches students how to create a portfolio to professionally display their best work and to increase job opportunities. Topics include defining an audience, organizing and adapting a body of work, and formatting and creating a finished portfolio designed to reflect the student's vision and highlight the quality of his or her accomplishments. Note: Students should complete most courses within their chosen Computer Studies certificate program before enrolling in CSIT 195.
CSIT 292: Internship Studies
Units: 0.5-3
Prerequisites: Complete 6 units at MCC prior to internship; permission of instructor and department chair required.
Corequisite: Must currently be enrolled in 3 units and complete 60 hours of non-paid or 75 hours of paid work per unit of credit.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
(0702.00)
Individualized study linking classroom learning to the workplace. Approval form must be signed by instructor and department chair before registration. (May be taken for a total of 12 units.)
CSIT 293: Topics in Computer Studies and Information Technology
Units: 1-3
Prerequisites: None
Repeatability Rule: Allow four completions in any combination of CIS 293, CIS 296.
Lecture 1 hour.
Lecture 2 hours.
Lecture 3 hours. (0702.00)
A study of relevant topics in the discipline not covered in the current selection of courses. Designed to meet special needs; content determined by participating faculty members in consultation with students and the community. Non-transfer topics only.
CSIT 296: Topics in Computer Studies and Information Technology
Units: 1-3
Prerequisites: None
Repeatability Rule: Allow four completions in any combination of CIS 293, CIS 296.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Lecture 1 hour.
Lecture 2 hours.
Lecture 3 hours. (0702.00)
A study of relevant topics in the discipline not covered in the current selection of courses. Designed to meet special needs; content will be determined by participating faculty members in consultation with students and the community.
CSIT 298: Directed Studies in Topics in Computer Studies and Information Technology
Units: 1-3
Prerequisites: Permission of instructor and department chair.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
Laboratory 3 hours.
Laboratory 6 hours.
Laboratory 9 hours. (0702.00)
Individualized study, project, or research in an area of particular interest to the student and not included in the regular list of courses at the college. Approval form must be signed by instructor and department chair before registration. (May be taken for a total of 3 units.)
CSIT 299: Cooperative Work Experience--Occupational
Units: 1-4
Prerequisites: None
Corequisite: Students must be employed in a position directly related to their declared major and must complete 75 hours of paid work or 60 hours of non-paid work per unit of credit.
Acceptable for Credit: CSU
(0702.00)
For students whose work is directly related to their major. To participate in occupational cooperative work experience education, students must be employed in a position directly related to their declared major and undertake new or expanded responsibilities at their work site. Students must develop one learning objective for each unit of credit in which they enroll and they must complete 75 hours of paid work or 60 hours of non-paid work per unit of credit. A maximum of four units of occupational work experience may be earned each semester and a combined maximum of 16 units of occupational and general work experience may be earned during community college attendance and applied as electives toward graduation. Students may receive G.I. Bill benefits for work experience only if required for their specific program. (May be repeated three times.)